Stage 22: Difference between revisions
From Human Embryology
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The age is believed to be approximately 54 postovulatory days. | The age is believed to be approximately 54 postovulatory days. | ||
==External Form== | ==External Form== | ||
The eyelids, which have been thickening gradually, are now rapidly encroaching upon the eyes. The formation of the auricle has progressed noticeably: the tragus and antitragus especially are assuming a more definite form. The superficial vascular plexus of the head extends upward about three-quarters of the way above the eye-ear level. The hands extend further out in front of the body of the embryo, and the fingers of one hand may overlap those of the other. | The eyelids, which have been thickening gradually, are now rapidly encroaching upon the eyes. The formation of the auricle has progressed noticeably: the tragus and antitragus especially are assuming a more definite form. The superficial vascular plexus of the head extends upward about three-quarters of the way above the eye-ear level. The hands extend further out in front of the body of the embryo, and the fingers of one hand may overlap those of the other. | ||
==Features for Point Scores== | ==Features for Point Scores== | ||
# Cornea. The cellular invasion of the postepithelial layer is complete centrally in some eyes (Streeter, 1951, | # Cornea. The cellular invasion of the postepithelial layer is complete centrally in some eyes (fig. 17)<ref>Streeter, G. L. 1951. Developmental horizons in human embryos. Description of age groups XTX, XX, XXI, XXII, and XXIII, being the fifth issue of a survey of the Carnegie Collection (prepared for publication by C. H. Heuser and G. W. Corner). Carnegie Instn. Wash. Publ. 592, Contrib. Embryol., 34, 165-196.</ref>. A scleral condensation is now definite.<ref>Gilbert, P. W. 1957. The origin and development of the human extrinsic ocular muscles. Carnegie Instn. Wash. Publ. 611, Contrib. Embryol., 36, 59-78.</ref> | ||
# Optic nerve. The mesenchyme surrounding the optic nerve forms a definite sheath. | # Optic nerve. The mesenchyme surrounding the optic nerve forms a definite sheath. | ||
# Cochlear duct. The tip of the duct points “upward” for the second time (fig. 19-6). | # Cochlear duct. The tip of the duct points “upward” for the second time (fig. 19-6). | ||
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# Submandibular gland. The duct shows secondary branches. It is practically solid but a suggestion of a lumen can be found in its oral part (fig. 19-10). | # Submandibular gland. The duct shows secondary branches. It is practically solid but a suggestion of a lumen can be found in its oral part (fig. 19-10). | ||
# Metanephros. A few large glomeruli are present (fig. 19-12). | # Metanephros. A few large glomeruli are present (fig. 19-12). | ||
# Humerus. Cartilaginous phases 1–4 are still present ( | # Humerus. Cartilaginous phases 1–4 are still present (figs. 3 and 15–17)<ref>Streeter, G. L. 1949. Developmental horizons in human embryos (fourth issue). A review of the histogenesis of cartilage and bone. Carnegie Instn. Wash. Publ. 583, Contrib. Embryol., 33, 149-169.</ref>. The formation of osteoblasts is beginning. A bony collar appears in the humerus, radius, ulna, and femur and tibia during stages 22 and 23.<ref name="PMID5042780"><pubmed>5042780</pubmed></ref> | ||
==Additional Features== | ==Additional Features== | ||
* Blood vascular system. The aortic arch system has been illustrated by Boyd (1937 | * Blood vascular system. The aortic arch system has been illustrated by Boyd (1937 fig. 1).<ref>Boyd, J. D. 1937. The development of the human carotid body. Carnegie Instn. Wash. Publ. 479, Contrib. Embryoi, 26, 1-31.</ref> | ||
* Heart. Reconstructions of the atrial region were reproduced by Licata (1954, figs. 4 and 5). Chordae tendineae begin to form at stages 22 and 23 | * Heart. Reconstructions of the atrial region were reproduced by Licata (1954, figs. 4 and 5). Chordae tendineae begin to form at stages 22 and 23.<ref name=“PMID3729012”><pubmed>3729012</pubmed></ref>. | ||
* Paramesonephric ducts. The paramesonephric ducts lie side-by-side caudally and show rostral vertical, middle transverse, and caudal vertical portions. | * Paramesonephric ducts. The paramesonephric ducts lie side-by-side caudally and show rostral vertical, middle transverse, and caudal vertical portions. | ||
* Brain. A general view of the organ was given by Hochstetter (1919, fig. 42). The superior and inferior colliculi of the midbrain are indicated by their lamination | * Brain. A general view of the organ was given by Hochstetter (1919, fig. 42).<ref>Hochstetter, F. 1919. ''Beitrage zur Entwicklungsgeschicbte desmenschlichen Gehirns.1''. Teil. Deuticke, Vienna.</ref> The superior and inferior colliculi of the midbrain are indicated by their lamination.<ref>Bartelmez, G. W., and Dekaban, A. S. 1962. The early development of the human brain. Carnegie Instn. Wash. Publ. 621, Contrib. Embryoi, 37, 13-32.</ref> The epithalamus is individualized by the presence of the sulcus dorsalis. In the hemispheres the cortical plate begins to appear. | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
Revision as of 12:46, 2 April 2016
Embryo Stage 22 information based on O'Rahilly and Müller (1987).[1]
Size And Age
The middle group of embryos of this stage measure 25–27 mm in length.
The age is believed to be approximately 54 postovulatory days.
External Form
The eyelids, which have been thickening gradually, are now rapidly encroaching upon the eyes. The formation of the auricle has progressed noticeably: the tragus and antitragus especially are assuming a more definite form. The superficial vascular plexus of the head extends upward about three-quarters of the way above the eye-ear level. The hands extend further out in front of the body of the embryo, and the fingers of one hand may overlap those of the other.
Features for Point Scores
- Cornea. The cellular invasion of the postepithelial layer is complete centrally in some eyes (fig. 17)[2]. A scleral condensation is now definite.[3]
- Optic nerve. The mesenchyme surrounding the optic nerve forms a definite sheath.
- Cochlear duct. The tip of the duct points “upward” for the second time (fig. 19-6).
- Adenohypophysis. Remnants of the incomplete stalk are present at each end (fig. 19-7).
- Vomeronasal organ. The appearances are intermediate between those of stages 21 and 23 (fig. 19-9).
- Submandibular gland. The duct shows secondary branches. It is practically solid but a suggestion of a lumen can be found in its oral part (fig. 19-10).
- Metanephros. A few large glomeruli are present (fig. 19-12).
- Humerus. Cartilaginous phases 1–4 are still present (figs. 3 and 15–17)[4]. The formation of osteoblasts is beginning. A bony collar appears in the humerus, radius, ulna, and femur and tibia during stages 22 and 23.[5]
Additional Features
- Blood vascular system. The aortic arch system has been illustrated by Boyd (1937 fig. 1).[6]
- Heart. Reconstructions of the atrial region were reproduced by Licata (1954, figs. 4 and 5). Chordae tendineae begin to form at stages 22 and 23.[7].
- Paramesonephric ducts. The paramesonephric ducts lie side-by-side caudally and show rostral vertical, middle transverse, and caudal vertical portions.
- Brain. A general view of the organ was given by Hochstetter (1919, fig. 42).[8] The superior and inferior colliculi of the midbrain are indicated by their lamination.[9] The epithalamus is individualized by the presence of the sulcus dorsalis. In the hemispheres the cortical plate begins to appear.
References
- ↑ O'Rahilly, R. and Müller, F. Developmental Stages in Human Embryos. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication 637 (1987).
- ↑ Streeter, G. L. 1951. Developmental horizons in human embryos. Description of age groups XTX, XX, XXI, XXII, and XXIII, being the fifth issue of a survey of the Carnegie Collection (prepared for publication by C. H. Heuser and G. W. Corner). Carnegie Instn. Wash. Publ. 592, Contrib. Embryol., 34, 165-196.
- ↑ Gilbert, P. W. 1957. The origin and development of the human extrinsic ocular muscles. Carnegie Instn. Wash. Publ. 611, Contrib. Embryol., 36, 59-78.
- ↑ Streeter, G. L. 1949. Developmental horizons in human embryos (fourth issue). A review of the histogenesis of cartilage and bone. Carnegie Instn. Wash. Publ. 583, Contrib. Embryol., 33, 149-169.
- ↑ <pubmed>5042780</pubmed>
- ↑ Boyd, J. D. 1937. The development of the human carotid body. Carnegie Instn. Wash. Publ. 479, Contrib. Embryoi, 26, 1-31.
- ↑ <pubmed>3729012</pubmed>
- ↑ Hochstetter, F. 1919. Beitrage zur Entwicklungsgeschicbte desmenschlichen Gehirns.1. Teil. Deuticke, Vienna.
- ↑ Bartelmez, G. W., and Dekaban, A. S. 1962. The early development of the human brain. Carnegie Instn. Wash. Publ. 621, Contrib. Embryoi, 37, 13-32.
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